Outcome prediction after penetrating craniocerebral injury in a civilian population: aggressive surgical management in patients with admission Glasgow Coma Scale scores of 3, 4, or 5

Abstract

In an attempt to evaluate the response of patients who have low admission Glasgow Coma Scale scores (GCS) after a penetrating craniocerebral injury to aggressive management, we evaluated a series of 190 patients with penetrating injuries who presented with a GCS score of 3, 4, or 5 during a 6-year period. Entrance criteria required replicable neurological examinations that were not altered by the presence of hypotension, drugs/toxins, or systemic injury. The surgical patients included 21 patients with an admission GCS score of 3, 24 with an admission GCS score of 4, and 15 with an admission GCS score of 5. All patients underwent surgical intervention and aggressive perioperative management in the neurosurgical intensive care, including resuscitative protocols. Five of the patients with a GCS score of 3 survived, all with poor outcomes. Seven of the patients with a GCS score of 4 survived, although only one had a good outcome. Eleven of the patients with a GCS score of 5 survived. Five had a Glasgow Outcome Score of 2, five had a Glasgow Outcome Score of 3, and one had a Glasgow Outcome Score of 4. We have devised a prospective model of outcome based on our series in an attempt to predict nonsurvivors at admission (while overpredicting for survivors). The variables most predictive of mortality include admission GCS score and subarachnoid hemorrhage in one model and admission GCS score and pupillary changes in a second, when pupillary response was definitive at admission (P < or = 0.00005).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)