Mitochondrial DNA of the sea anemone, Metridium senile (Cnidaria): prokaryote-like genes for tRNA(f-Met) and small-subunit ribosomal RNA, and standard genetic code specificities for AGR and ATA codons

Abstract

The nucleotide sequence of a segment of the mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) molecule of the sea anemone Metridium senile (phylum Cnidaria, class Anthozoa, order Actiniaria) has been determined, within which have been identified the genes for respiratory chain NADH dehydrogenase subunit 2 (ND2), the small-subunit rRNA (s-rRNA), cytochrome c oxidase subunit II (COII), ND4, ND6, cytochrome b (Cyt b), tRNA(f-Met), and the large-subunit rRNA (1-rRNA). The eight genes are arranged in the order given and are all transcribed from the same strand of the molecule. The overall order of the M. senile mt-genes differs from that of other metazoan mtDNAs. In M. senile mt-protein genes, AGA and AGG codons appear to have the standard genetic code specification of arginine, rather than serine as found for other invertebrate mt-genetic codes. Also, ATA has the standard genetic code specification of isoleucine. TGA occurs in three M. senile mt-protein genes and may specify tryptophan as in other metazoan, protozoan, and some fungal mt-genetic codes. The M. senile mt-rRNA(f-Met) gene has primary and secondary structure features closely resembling those of the Escherichia coli initiator tRNA, including standard dihydrouridine and T psi C loop sequences and a mismatch pair at the top of the aminoacyl stem. Determinations of the 5' and 3' end nucleotides of the M. senile mt-s-rRNAs indicated that these molecules have a homogenous size of 1,081 ntp, larger than any other known metazoan mt-s-rRNAs. Consistent with its larger size, the M. senile mt-s-rRNA can be folded into a secondary structure that more closely resembles that of the E. coli 16S rRNA than can any other metazoan mt-s-rRNA. These findings concerning M. senile mtDNA indicate that most of the unusual features regarding metazoan mt-genetic codes, rRNAs, and probably tRNAs developed after divergence of the Cnidarian line from the ancestral line common to other metazoa.