Effect of prophylactic epsilon-aminocaproic acid on blood loss and transfusion requirements in patients undergoing first-time coronary artery bypass grafting. A randomized, prospective, double-blind study

Abstract

The prophylactic use of aprotinin has recently been reported to be associated with a significant decrease in blood loss in patients undergoing cardiopulmonary bypass procedures. One of the primary effects of aprotinin is prevention of plasmin degradation of platelet function. Because aprotinin is commercially unavailable in the United States at this time, we evaluated epsilon-aminocaproic acid with respect to decreased perioperative blood loss. We prospectively randomized 40 patients undergoing first-time coronary artery bypass grafting without prior sternotomy into two groups: one group (n = 21) received prophylactic and preincision epsilon-aminocaproic acid and the other (n = 19) received a placebo. No significant differences existed between patient groups with respect to age, body surface area, cardiopulmonary bypass time, and aortic crossclamp time. Cumulative blood loss at 4, 8, 12, and 24 hours after chest closure was significantly less in the epsilon-aminocaproic acid group (426 +/- 242 ml versus 634 +/- 224 ml, p = 0.002, at 12 hours). Only one patient receiving epsilon-aminocaproic acid was given blood or blood components compared to five patients in the placebo group (p < 0.02). D-dimers and fibrin split products were significantly less prevalent in the epsilon-aminocaproic acid group (at 4 hours: 0/20 versus 7/16, p < 0.002 and 5/20 versus 12/19, p < 0.05, respectively). None of the patients had a perioperative myocardial infarction or cerebrovascular accident. The prophylactic administration of epsilon-aminocaproic acid results in a significant decrease in blood loss in patients undergoing first-time coronary artery bypass grafting, and blood transfusion requirements are significantly less. It may be important to administer epsilon-aminocaproic acid before skin incision to be optimally effective.