Diabetic foot ulcers

Abstract

Neuropathic and vascular changes in patients with diabetes mellitus put them at risk for developing chronic foot wounds after minor trauma or after pressure has caused a breakdown in the integrity of the skin. Accurate diagnosis of the underlying cause is the first step toward a successful treatment plan, and in patients with severe ischemia, vascular reconstruction may be needed. Neuropathic ulcers respond well to less-invasive procedures, particularly when combined with reducing the pressure that caused the ulcer. When pressure is relieved by means of total contact casting, necrotic materials are removed, and protection is secured with a hydrocolloid dressing, these wounds have been found to heal, on an outpatient basis, after approximately 6 weeks. All diabetic foot ulcers are contaminated with a variety of organisms, but antibiotic treatments are usually unnecessary. When signs of a clinical infection are present and/or bone is exposed, osteomyelitis should be suspected. In these patients, aggressive surgical debridement, systemic antibiotics, and meticulous wound care regimens to restore the body's own bacterial barrier will often prevent amputation, the most serious complication of these wounds.