Circadian rhythms

Abstract

Changes in behavior which occur on a daily or circadian basis represent one of the most ubiquitous strategies by which most living organisms have adapted to their environment. Underlying the daily changes in behavior are a multitude of endocrine and metabolic rhythms which provide adaptively significant temporal organization within the organism. In mammals there appears to be a central circadian clock in the SCN which is responsible for generating and coordinating the entire 24-hour temporal organization of the animal. The circadian clock regulates the timing, duration, and characteristics of sleep, and together the circadian clock and sleep interact to control the timing of endocrine secretions. While the impact of disturbed endocrine circadian rhythms for the survival of the species has received very little attention, the almost universal presence of circadian rhythmicity within the endocrine system argues in support of the hypothesis that a disruption of the normal circadian organization within the endocrine system can have serious consequences for the health and well-being of the organism. It is particularly noteworthy that in advanced age, various alterations in circadian endocrine rhythms have been observed and these alterations may impair the ability of the animal to adapt normally to the environment. Relatively speaking, the study of circadian rhythms is a new field of biology, and as a result, much remains to be discovered about the physiological mechanisms that underlie rhythmicity, as well as the functional significance of 24-hour temporal organization for the survival of the species.