Morphodynamic hair bundles arising from sensory cell/supporting cell complexes frequency-tune nematocyst discharge in sea anemones

Abstract

Discharge of nematocysts from cnidocytes occurs in response to appropriate chemical and mechanical stimulation. In sea anemone tentacles, activating chemoreceptors for N-acetylated sugars shifts maximal discharge into vibrating targets to low frequencies corresponding to prey movements and induces hair bundles to elongate by approximately 1-2 microns. Until now, only indirect, correlative evidence linked these two events. Using cytochalasin D, we provide evidence that bundle elongation is necessary for the frequency shift. Moreover, we find that only bundles associated with sensory cell/supporting cell complexes elongate with chemosensitization, and not bundles associated with cnidocyte/supporting cell complexes as was previously thought. Cytochemical labeling of sensory cells, purported to be bipolar neurons connected to the nerve net, suggests that sensory cells may interconnect with each other and with cnidocytes. Taken together, these findings are incompatible with the classical view that cnidocytes are independent effectors of nematocyst discharge and, furthermore, implicate the involvement of morphodynamic neurons in fine-tuning vibration-dependent discharge of nematocysts into swimming prey.