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. 1994 May 24;91(11):4821-4.
doi: 10.1073/pnas.91.11.4821.

The red queen reigns in the kingdom of RNA viruses

D K Clarke  1 , E A Duarte, S F Elena, A Moya, E Domingo, J Holland
Affiliations

The red queen reigns in the kingdom of RNA viruses

D K Clarke et al. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. .

Abstract

Two clonal populations of vesicular stomatitis virus of approximately equal relative fitness were mixed together and allowed to compete during many transfers in vitro as large virus populations. Eventually, one or the other population suddenly excluded its competitor population, yet both the winners and losers exhibited absolute gains in fitness. Our results agree with the predictions of two major theories of classical population biology; the Competitive Exclusion Principle and the Red Queen's Hypothesis, where (in Lewis Carroll's words) "it takes all the running you can do to keep in the same place."

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