Human liver microsomal metabolism of the enantiomers of warfarin and acenocoumarol: P450 isozyme diversity determines the differences in their pharmacokinetics

Abstract

1. To explain the large differences in (the stereoselectivity of) the clearances of the enantiomers of warfarin and acenocoumarol (4'-nitrowarfarin) their human liver microsomal metabolism has been studied and enzyme kinetic parameters determined. The effects of cimetidine, propafenone, sulphaphenazole, and omeprazole on their metabolism has been investigated. 2. The 4-hydroxycoumarins follow similar metabolic routes and are mainly hydroxylated at the 6- and 7-position (accounting for 63 to 99% of the metabolic clearances). 3. Due to the lower Km values of R- and S-acenocoumarol and higher Vmax values of S-acenocoumarol, the overall metabolic clearances of R/S acenocoumarol exceed those of R/S warfarin 6 and 66 times respectively. 4. The metabolism of both compounds is stereoselective for the S-enantiomers, which is 10 times more pronounced in the case of acenocoumarol. 5. Except for the 7-hydroxylation of the R-enantiomers (r = 0.90; P < 0.025), the 6- and 7-hydroxylation rates of R/S warfarin do not correlate with those of R/S acenocoumarol. 6. Sulphaphenazole competitively inhibits the 7- and in some samples partly (up to 50%) the 6-hydroxylation of S-warfarin as well as the 7-hydroxylation of R- and S-acenocoumarol and the 6-hydroxylation of S-acenocoumarol (Kis ranging from 0.5-1.3 microM). 7. Omeprazole partly (40-80%) inhibits the 6- and 7-hydroxylation of R-warfarin (Ki = 99 and 117 microM) and of R- (Ki = 219 and 7.2 microM) and S-acenocoumarol (Ki = 6.1 and 7.7 microM) but not S-warfarin in a competitive manner. 8. Differences in the partial (up to 40%) inhibition of the metabolism of the enantiomers of the 4-hydroxycoumarins were also observed for the relatively weak inhibitors, propafenone and cimetidine.9. The results suggest that the coumarin ring hydroxylations of both compounds are catalysed by different combinations of P450 isozymes. The 7-hydroxylation of R/S acenocoumarol and the 6-hydroxylation of S-acenocoumarol are at least partly conducted by (a) P450 isozyme(s) of the 2C subfamily different from P450 2C9 (the main S-warfarin 7- and 6-hydroxylase).