Preventive effect of chronic converting enzyme inhibition on aortic stiffening induced by renovascular hypertension in conscious dogs

Abstract

Objective: The aim was to assess the influence of the renin-angiotensin system on the geometrical and elastic properties of the aorta in conscious dogs, using a model of renovascular hypertension, and to examine the effects of inhibition of the system by the angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor spirapril.

Methods: The aortic elastic behaviour in response to renovascular hypertension was studied in 15 conscious dogs instrumented with a pressure microtransducer and a pair of ultrasonic diameter dimension gauges in the upper descending thoracic aorta. Renovascular hypertension was induced by surgical occlusion of one renal artery and stenosis of the other. One day after renal surgery, dogs were randomly assigned to two groups receiving for two months either the new angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor spirapril (n = 8) or a placebo capsule (n = 7). The two groups of dogs were compared to a control group of normotensive dogs (n = 7). After two months of treatment the elastic properties of the aorta were studied by computation of the beat to beat pressure-diameter hysteresis loops obtained during transient increase of pressure induced by bolus doses of angiotensin. The aortic pressure-diameter (P-D) relationship, obtained over a wide range, was fitted by an exponential fit (P = alpha.e beta D), where beta is the stiffness index. A decomposition of the P-D curve according to a biphasic model of the parallel arrangement of elastin and collagen enabled two pressure-diameter elastic moduli to be obtained, one representing the resistance to stretch at low pressure levels (elastic fibres and smooth muscle), and the other representing the resistance to stretch at the highest pressures (collagen fibres).

Results: The pressure-diameter curve of the placebo group was shifted to the left compared to the curves of the control and spirapril groups, showing that renovascular hypertension was associated with isobaric reduction of aortic diameter. The stiffness index beta was higher (p < 0.05) in the placebo group [0.605(SD 0.304) mm-1] than in either the control group [0.362(0.126) mm-1] or the spirapril group [0.348(0.083) mm-1], suggesting that renovascular hypertension was associated with aortic stiffening. The biphasic analysis showed that the collagen pressure-diameter elastic modulus was unaffected by spirapril, whereas the elastin pressure-diameter elastic modulus was significantly reduced by converting enzyme inhibitor with respect to the placebo (p < 0.05).

Conclusions: Chronic converting enzyme inhibition by spirapril prevents the isobaric aortic diameter reduction induced by renovascular hypertension in conscious dogs and decreases aortic stiffness, in particular by changing the elastic behaviour of the elastin fibres rather than of the collagen fibres.