Skip to main page content
U.S. flag

An official website of the United States government

Dot gov

The .gov means it’s official.
Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. Before sharing sensitive information, make sure you’re on a federal government site.

Https

The site is secure.
The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the official website and that any information you provide is encrypted and transmitted securely.

Access keys NCBI Homepage MyNCBI Homepage Main Content Main Navigation
. 1993 Oct;65(4):1656-9.
doi: 10.1016/S0006-3495(93)81220-7.

Multiple hydration layers in cubic insulin crystals

J Badger  1
Affiliations

Multiple hydration layers in cubic insulin crystals

J Badger. Biophys J. 1993 Oct.

Abstract

Cubic insulin crystals contain approximately 30-A-diameter channels filled with aqueous solvent, providing a useful system in which to analyze hydration structure at a variety of distances from protein surfaces. Beginning with an atomic model for the protein and ordered water molecules, the density distribution in the solvent volume of the phasing model was iteratively refined to improve the fit of calculated structure factors with x-ray diffraction data. The free R value, which compares calculated structure factors with a subset of observed structure factors deliberately omitted from the refinement, was used to provide an objective confirmation of the effectiveness of the refinement procedure. Electron density maps of the solvent, computed using the solvent-refined phases and complete low-resolution diffraction data, reveal multiple hydration layers around the protein.

PubMed Disclaimer

References

    1. Biophys J. 1992 Mar;61(3):604-11 - PubMed
    1. J Mol Biol. 1988 Aug 5;202(3):637-57 - PubMed
    1. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1991 Jan 15;88(2):622-6 - PubMed
    1. Science. 1969 Aug 1;165(3892):447-54 - PubMed
    1. Biophys J. 1992 Nov;63(5):1210-20 - PubMed

Publication types