Potential for carboxylation-dehydroxylation of phenolic compounds by a methanogenic consortium

Abstract

An anaerobic consortium that carboxylated and dehydroxylated phenol to benzoate, and 2-cresol to 3-methylbenzoic acid, under methanogenic conditions was studied. Phenol induced this transformation activity. Addition of 4-hydroxypyridine or an increase in the concentration of proteose peptone to 0.5% (w/v) delayed the transformation. Phenol enhanced the rate of transformation of 2-cresol whereas 2-cresol delayed the transformation of phenol. Phenols with ortho-substitutions (chloro-, fluoro-, bromo-, hydroxyl-, amino-, or carboxyl-) were transformed to meta-substituted benzoic acids. However, meta- and para-substituted phenols (cresols, fluorophenols, and chlorophenols) were not transformed. Phenol was most rapidly metabolized, followed by catechol, 2-cresol, 2-fluorophenol, 2-aminophenol, 2-chlorophenol, 2-hydroxybenzoic acid, and 2-bromophenol. The consortium O-demethylated anisole to phenol and 2-methoxyphenol to catechol, and oxidized 2-hydroxybenzyl alcohol to 2-hydroxybenzoic acid. Aniline, 2-ethylphenol, 2-hydroxypyridine, 2-acetamidophenol, 2,6-dimethylphenol, 2-phenylphenol, and 1-naphthol were not metabolized.