Spatial organization of the synthesis of cytoskeletal proteins

Abstract

The cytoskeleton of most cells is complex and spatially diverse. The mRNAs for some cytoskeletal proteins are localized, suggesting that synthesis of these proteins may occur at sites appropriate for function or assembly. mRNA concentrations were first observed for several oocyte and embryonic mRNAs. Some insight has been gained into the mechanisms that help to position these mRNAs. More surprising to some, many cytoskeletal mRNAs are also localized. Among them are mRNAs for actin, tubulin, intermediate filaments, and a variety of associated proteins. Different mRNAs in the same cell can be located in different places; the same mRNA can be located in different places; the same mRNA can be located differently at different times of development. For example, we observed vimentin mRNA in developing chicken muscle cultures by fluorescent in situ hybridization. We found that vimentin mRNA takes on a variety of positions during myogenesis, ending up located with its cognate protein at costameres. This last pattern is significant because it is too finely structured to have a function in the soluble phase and probably reflects cotranslational assembly of this particular protein. Analogies can be made between oocyte or embryonic positions (animal/vegetal poles, oocyte cortex, and interior) and somatic cell positions (anterior/posterior and cell cortex/cell center). These analogies may point to conserved mechanisms for moving and retaining mRNA. Localization of cytoskeletal synthesis, through the mRNA or by other means, may prove as important for assembling and maintaining differentiated cytoskeletal structures and somatic cells as mRNA location is for organizing the embryo. Mechanisms that permit mRNA localization are likely to be conserved.