Intraocular lymphoma. Clinical and histopathologic diagnosis

Abstract

Background: Intraocular lymphoma is associated with significant morbidity and mortality, but early diagnosis and treatment may improve prognosis.

Methods: The diagnostic features of 12 cases of intraocular lymphoma diagnosed at the National Eye Institute between 1984 and 1992 were retrospectively reviewed.

Results: A pathologic diagnosis of large B-cell lymphoma was made on vitrectomy specimens in ten patients, cerebral spinal fluid in one, and on an enucleation specimen in one. The mean time from onset of symptoms to diagnosis was 21.4 months (range, 1-66 months). All 12 patients were given a final diagnosis of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma of the central nervous system (NHL-CNS), based on the epidemiology, pathology, and clinical course of their tumors. Although an initial vitrectomy was negative for malignant cells in three of ten patients, a repeat vitrectomy specimen subsequently showed intraocular lymphoma. Results of examination of the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) showed malignant cells in 5 of 11 patients, although malignant cells were only identified after repeat examination of additional samples of CSF in three of these patients. Malignant cells often are difficult to identify, and an experienced cytopathologist was critical in making the correct diagnosis. In addition, corticosteroids are lympholytic to the lymphoma cells, and they appeared to decrease the viability of tumor cells obtained in samples of vitreous and CSF.

Conclusion: The prompt, appropriate handling of specimens and review by an experienced cytopathologist are critical to the diagnosis of intraocular lymphoma. Malignant cells often are present in the cerebral spinal fluid at the time that ocular lymphoma is diagnosed. Nevertheless, multiple vitrectomies and lumbar punctures may be necessary before the correct diagnosis is made.