Demonstration that 1 beta,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 is an antagonist of the nongenomic but not genomic biological responses and biological profile of the three A-ring diastereomers of 1 alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3

Abstract

The steroid hormone 1 alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1 alpha,25-(OH)2D3) generates biological responses via both genomic and nongenomic mechanisms. This article reports the biological profile of four A-ring diastereomers of this secosteroid (results are expressed as percentage of the response of 1 alpha,25-(OH)2D3. The activity of the compounds, 1 alpha,25-(OH)2D3, 1 alpha,25-(OH)2-3-epivitamin D3, 1 beta,25-(OH)2D3, 1 beta,25-(OH)2-3-epivitamin D3, for in vivo intestinal Ca2+ absorption and bone Ca2+ mobilization and in vitro binding to the nuclear receptor (genomic responses) was, respectively, 100, 2.8, < 0.1, and < 0.1% (intestinal Ca2+ absorption); 100, 1.5, < 0.1, and < 0.1% (bone Ca2+ mobilization); 100, 24, 0.2, and 0.8% (receptor binding). In the in vivo nongenomic transcaltachia assay the results were 100, 80, 0, and 20-30%, and in ROS 17/2.8 cells (45Ca2+ uptake through voltage-gated Ca2+ channels) 1 alpha,25-(OH)2D3 had 100% activity and 1 beta,25-(OH)2D3 (the only diastereomer evaluated) had no agonist activity. Keratinocyte proliferation was inhibited in the order 1 alpha,25-(OH)2D3 > 1 alpha,25-(OH)2-3-epivitamin D3 > 1 beta,25-(OH)2D3 > 1 beta,25-(OH)2-3-epivitamin D3. 1 beta,25-(OH)2D3 was a potent antagonist of 1 alpha,25-(OH)2D3-mediated transcaltachia and 45Ca2+ uptake in ROS 17/2.8 cells but was unable to block the genomic 1 alpha,25-(OH)2D3 induction of chick calbindin-D28k (in vivo), induction of MG-63 cell osteocalcin, and HL-60 cell differentiation. These results suggest that analogs of 1 alpha,25-(OH)2D3 may be synthesized which are selective agonists or antagonists of genomic or nongenomic responses in the vitamin D endocrine system.