Structural basis of geriatric voiding dysfunction. I. Methods of a prospective ultrastructural/urodynamic study and an overview of the findings

Abstract

Voiding dysfunctions are common in the elderly. Yet the pathogenesis and pathophysiology have remained largely unknown. To date there has been little information on structure of the aging detrusor. To gain insight into the structural basis of voiding dysfunction in the elderly, we examined detrusor biopsy specimens by electron microscopy. The specimens were obtained from 24 women and 11 men 65 to 96 years old (mean age 79 years) who were carefully selected by detailed clinical and neurological examination. Symptom-free subjects were particularly sought to identify those who might provide the structural/functional norm of aging detrusor. Comprehensive urodynamic study was performed in all subjects. A transurethral detrusor biopsy was obtained and processed to study ultrastructure of the smooth muscle, intrinsic nerves and interstitium. Subjects were segregated purely by urodynamic findings, regardless of symptoms, into detrusor overactivity, outlet obstruction, obstruction plus overactivity and neither (that is no obstruction and no overactivity) groups, each with a subgroup of normal and another of impaired contractility. Specimens were segregated blindly and independently by ultrastructural features into dysjunction, myohypertrophy, myohypertrophy plus dysjunction and dense band patterns, each with a subset with widespread degeneration of muscle cells and nerves, and another with minimal or no degeneration. When codes were broken, each structural pattern (and subset) matched with a specific urodynamic group (and subgroup)--with no overlap. The dysjunction pattern matched with overactivity, the myohypertrophy pattern with obstruction, the myohypertrophy plus dysjunction pattern with obstruction plus overactivity, and the dense band pattern with the neither group. Structural subsets of widespread degeneration matched with impaired contractility subgroups, and subsets with minimal or no degeneration matched with normal contractility subgroups. These observations identify specific structural bases of the major forms of geriatric voiding dysfunction, provide important insights into their pathogenesis, and introduce detrusor biopsy as a potentially valuable tool in their diagnosis and clinical management.