Growth and body composition of periurban Guatemalan children in relation to zinc status: a cross-sectional study

Abstract

In a study of periurban Guatemalan school-children (89 males, 73 females) aged 81.5 +/- 7.0 mo (mean +/- SD), height, weight, arm circumference, and triceps-skinfold-thickness (TSF) measurements were examined in relation to plasma and hair zinc concentrations, plasma and red blood cell alkaline phosphatase activities, recognition thresholds for salt (RTS), delayed-cutaneous hypersensitivity response to seven recall skin test antigens, and cognitive measures. Children were stunted [median height-for-age (HA) Z score -1.49] but not wasted [median weight-for-height (WH) Z score 0.20], with median midarm muscle area (MAMA) and midarm-fat area (MAFA) Z scores of -0.57 and -0.35, respectively. Of the children, 63.5% of males and 44.1% of females had hair zinc < 1.68 mumol/g (P < 0.05); 12.3% of males and 1.5% of females had plasma zinc < 10.71 mumol/L (P < 0.05). Children with hair zinc < 1.68 mumol/g had higher (P < 0.05) medians for WA Z and WH Z scores, RTS, and phytic acid intake than did those with hair zinc > or = 1.68 mumol/g. Zinc status explained some of the variance in growth (HA, WA, and WH Z scores), body composition (MAFA Z scores), and taste acuity. Suboptimal zinc status arose partly from diets low in readily available zinc.