Syntrophic interactions during degradation of 4-aminobenzenesulfonic acid by a two species bacterial culture

Abstract

During synthrophic growth of Hydrogenophaga palleronii (strain S1) and Agrobacterium radiobacter (strain S2) with 4-aminobenzene sulfonate (4ABS) only strain S1 desaminates 4ABS by regioselective 3,4-dioxygenation. The major part of the metabolite catechol-4-sulfonate (4CS) is excreted and further metabolized by strain S2. Although both organisms harbour activities of protocatechuate pathways assimilation of the structural analog 4CS requires first of all enzyme activities with broader substrate specificity: protocatechuate 3,4-dioxygenase and carboxymuconate cycloisomerase activities were identified which in addition to the natural substrates also convert 4CS and 3-sulfomuconate respectively. 4-Carboxymethyl-4-sulfobut-2-en-4-olide (4SL) was identified as a metabolite. Its further metabolism requires a desulfonating enzyme which eliminates sulfite from (4SL) and generates maleylacetate. Convergence with the 3-oxoadipate pathway is catalyzed by a maleyl acetate reductase, which was identified in cell-free extracts of both organisms S1 and S2. Characteristically, only strain S1 can oxidize sulfite and thus contributes to the interdependence of the two bacteria during growth with 4ABS.