Identification of binding proteins for nuclear localization signals of the glucocorticoid and thyroid hormone receptors

Abstract

Nuclear entry of proteins the size of the glucocorticoid and thyroid hormone receptors appears to be mediated by an interaction of nuclear localization signals (NLSs) within the proteins and specific NLS-binding proteins. NLSs have been identified in the hinge region of both receptors. We have identified the cellular binding proteins of the glucocorticoid receptor NLS and the thyroid hormone receptor NLS after cross-linking of radiolabeled signal peptides to subcellular fractions. Two S49 lymphoma cytosolic polypeptides of 60 and 76 kilodaltons (kDa) were specifically bound to either the glucocorticoid or thyroid hormone receptor NLS. The two binding sites demonstrated saturable binding. A competitive binding assay showed that the binding sites were specific for NLSs and that a mutated NLS was a poor competitor for the binding of labeled glucocorticoid receptor NLS. However, competition studies with peptides unrelated to NLSs, yet resembling NLSs in that they had a net positive charge, revealed that the 60-kDa entity demonstrated greater specificity for binding to NLSs than did the 76-kDa polypeptide. Glucocorticoid receptor NLS and thyroid hormone receptor NLS-binding proteins of 60 and 76 kDa were also identified in nuclear fractions. Although the unoccupied glucocorticoid receptor resides in the cytoplasm, while the unoccupied thyroid hormone receptor is always found in the nucleus, the hinge NLS interactions do not specify these different localizations of the unoccupied receptors. Rather, the data support roles for the hinge NLS in general steps of nuclear import and the 60-kDa cross-linked product as a chaperone of both receptors into the nucleus. Its cellular localization also suggests a role for the 76-kDa cross-linked product as a chaperone, but its relatively less stringent binding specificity may indicate that this polypeptide has a different physiological function.