Pain complaints and cognitive status among elderly institution residents

Abstract

Objective: To examine the association between self-reported pain and cognitive impairment among frail elderly institution residents.

Design: A cross-sectional correlational study.

Setting: A large urban nursing home and congregate apartment complex housing predominantly Jewish elderly.

Participants: Seven hundred fifty-eight elderly institution residents (30% in the nursing home, 70% in congregate apartments). The sample was 70% female and averaged 83.3 years of age.

Measurements: Respondent self-reports tapped pain intensity, number of localized pain complaints, cognitive status, and disability in performance of activities of daily living. Attending physicians or physician assistants rated respondents' health status.

Main results: Pain intensity and number of localized pain complaints bore small but significant negative relationships to cognitive impairment. Pain was positively associated with physician-rated ill health and functional disability. The association between pain and cognitive status remained significant even when controlled statistically for effects of physical health and functional disability. Item-by-item examination of localized pain complaints indicated that markedly cognitively impaired individuals were less likely to report pain in the back and joints. However, examination of possible physical causes of reported pain revealed no differences between pain reports of cognitively impaired versus intact individuals in either the presence or the absence of a likely physical cause.

Conclusions: These data provide no evidence for the "masking" of pain complaints by cognitive impairment. They suggest instead that, although cognitively impaired elderly may slightly underreport experienced pain, their self-reports are generally no less valid that those of cognitively intact individuals. Limitations of the research are acknowledged and implications for treatment of cognitively impaired institution residents are discussed.