Cognitive and behavioral profile of the oculocerebrorenal syndrome of Lowe

Abstract

Background: The oculocerebrorenal syndrome of Lowe (OCRL) is an X-linked disorder characterized by congenital cataracts, cognitive impairment, and renal tubular dysfunction. Significant behavioral difficulties have been reported, but no formal study of intelligence or behavior has been described.

Methods: We surveyed IQ and behavior using archival data and standardized instruments in 47 affected males.

Results: Mean IQ was in the moderate mental retardation range (40 < or = IQ < or = 54), with 25% of tested individuals in the normal range (IQ > or = 70). The OCRL population was comparable to a normative population with mental retardation in language, communication, and socialization skills, but lower in independent living skills than means of either populations of individuals with mental retardation or visual impairment. Maladaptive behaviors, particularly stubbornness, temper tantrums, and stereotypic behaviors, were very frequent (> 80%).

Conclusions: The diagnosis of OCRL is compatible with normal intelligence. Maladaptive behaviors significantly interfere with adaptive functions. These behaviors appear to define a characteristic behavioral phenotype in OCRL.