Paracentesis in the management of cirrhotic ascites

Abstract

During the last few years, several studies including six randomised, controlled trials reevaluating therapeutic paracentesis in the management of cirrhotic patients with tense ascites have been reported. The main findings of these investigations are: (i) Repeated large-volume paracentesis (evacuation of 4-6 l/day until complete mobilization of ascites) or total paracentesis (complete mobilization of ascites in only one tap) associated with i.v. albumin infusion (6-8 g/l of ascitic fluid removed) are more effective in eliminating the intra-abdominal fluid than conventional diuretic therapy, are associated with a lower incidence of complications and considerably reduce the duration of hospital stay and the cost of treatment; (ii) The mobilization of ascites by paracentesis without albumin infusion is associated with an impairment in effective circulating blood volume, as indicated by a decrease in cardiac output, central venous pressure, pulmonary capillary wedge pressure and plasma concentration of atrial natriuretic peptide and a marked elevation of plasma renin activity and aldosterone concentration. In 20% of patients this circulatory disturbance is accompanied by the development of renal impairment and/or dilutional hyponatraemia. These changes can be detected within the first 24 h following complete mobilization of ascites and do not occur when plasma volume is expanded with albumin; (iii) Hemaccel and dextran 70 appear to be as effective as albumin in preventing renal and electrolyte complications after paracentesis; (iv) Therapeutic paracentesis is an alternative treatment to peritoneovenous shunting in cirrhotic patients with refractory ascites.