A prospective comparison of laparoscopy and imaging in the staging of esophagogastric cancer before surgery

Abstract

Objective: To carry out a prospective comparison of laparoscopy and combined imaging (CT and ultrasound) in the preoperative staging of distal esophageal and gastric cancer in patients who were selected for surgery.

Methods: Patients with clinically overt metastases or a contraindication to major surgery were excluded. One hundred and forty-five patients underwent chest radiography, CT of mediastinum and abdomen, and ultrasonography of abdomen and laparoscopy. The primary diagnoses were adenocarcinoma of the esophagogastric region in 110 cases, squamous cell carcinoma of the distal esophagus in 30 patients, and five miscellaneous.

Results: Thirty nine (27%) patients had metastatic disease outside the potential field of resection. Metastases were detected preoperatively by laparoscopy in 30 patients (sensitivity 77%) and by combined imaging in 15 (sensitivity 38%) (p < 0.01). Twenty four patients with adenocarcinoma had metastases to the peritoneal cavity, which were detected preoperatively by laparoscopy in 23 (sensitivity 96%) and by combined imaging in five (sensitivity 21%) (p < 0.01). Peritoneal metastases were not seen in patients with squamous cell carcinoma. Fifteen patients had hepatic metastases, which were detected preoperatively by laparoscopy in nine (sensitivity 60%) and by combined imaging in seven (sensitivity 47%). Laparoscopy was more sensitive than combined imaging in detecting metastases in patients with adenocarcinoma [laparoscopy 28, combined imaging 10 (p < 0.01)].

Conclusion: Addition of laparoscopy to the staging protocol prevented unbeneficial thoraco-abdominal exploration in 20 patients with adenocarcinoma. Thus, laparoscopy should be used in the assessment of patients with adenocarcinoma of the esophagogastric region before performing excisional surgery.