Effect of omeprazole on concentrations of clarithromycin in plasma and gastric tissue at steady state

Abstract

This study was conducted to determine (i) the effect of omeprazole on steady-state concentrations of clarithromycin and 14-(R)-hydroxyclarithromycin in plasma and gastric mucosa, (ii) the effect of clarithromycin on steady-state concentrations of omeprazole in plasma, and (iii) the effect of clarithromycin on the suppression of gastric acid secretion by omeprazole. Twenty healthy, Helicobacter pylori-negative male subjects completed this three-period, double-blind, randomized crossover study. In period 1, all subjects received 40 mg of omeprazole each morning for 6 days. Twenty-four-hour gastric pH monitoring took place on days -1 and 6. Pharmacokinetic sampling took place on day 6. In periods 2 and 3, subjects were randomly assigned to receive either 40 mg of omeprazole or omeprazole placebo daily for 6 days plus clarithromycin (500 mg) every 8 h for 5 days with a single 500-mg dose on day 6. Gastric tissue and mucus samples were obtained via endoscopy on day 5. Gastric pH monitoring and pharmacokinetic sampling took place on day 6. Two-week washout intervals separated the three study periods. Clarithromycin increased mean omeprazole area under the concentration-time curve from 0 to 24 h from 3.3 +/- 2.0 to 6.3 +/- 4.5 micrograms.h/ml (P < 0.05) and harmonic mean half-life from 1.2 to 1.6 h (P < 0.05) but did not significantly alter the effect of omeprazole on gastric pH. Mean clarithromycin area under the concentration-time curve from 0 to 8 h increased from 22.9 +/- 5.5 (placebo) to 26.4 +/- 5.7 micrograms.h/ml (omeprazole) (P < 0.05) when clarithromycin was administered with omeprazole. Analysis of variance revealed that mean concentrations of clarithromycin in tissue and mucus were statistically significantly higher when clarithromycin was given with omeprazole than when clarithromycin was given with placebo (P <0.001). Mean maximum observed concentrations of clarithromycin in the gastric fundus increased from 20.8 +/- 7.6 (placebo) to 24.3 +/- 6.4 micrograms/g (omeprazole), and those in the gastric mucous from 4.2 +/- 7.7 placebo to 39.3 +/- 32.8 micrograms/g (omeprazole). Similar increases were observed for the 14-(R)-hydroxyclarithromycin. These results show that omeprazole increases concentrations of clarithromycin in gastric tissue and mucus and may provide a mechanism for synergy between clarithromycin ad omeprazole that explains the excellent eradication of H. pylori seen in clinical trials.