Midwall left ventricular mechanics. An independent predictor of cardiovascular risk in arterial hypertension

Abstract

Background: An appreciable proportion of asymptomatic hypertensive patients have depressed left ventricular (LV) performance that is identified by midwall shortening/endsystolic stress relations but not by indexes that use endocardial shortening. It has not been established, however, whether depressed midwall ventricular performance has prognostic implications.

Methods and results: Echocardiographic endocardial and midwall LV fractional shortening/circumferential end-systolic stress relations in 294 hypertensive patients were analyzed as predictors of the occurrence of cardiovascular morbid events that occurred in 50 patients (including 14 deaths) during a 10-year mean follow-up. Patients with initially lower midwall but not endocardial shortening, either in absolute terms or as a percentage of predicted from observed end-systolic stress, were more likely to suffer morbid events than those with initially normal values (P < .004). Cardiovascular events occurred in 29 of 100 patients (29%) and death in 10 of 100 patients (10%) among those who were in both the two highest quartiles of LV mass index and the two lowest quartiles of midwall shortening, as opposed to 21 of 194 (11%) and 4 of 194 (2.1%) of the remaining patients (odds ratio, 3.4; 95% CI, 1.8 to 6.3; P < .0001; and odds ratio, 5.3; 95% CI, 1.6 to 17.3; P < .006, respectively). In logistic analysis, increasing age, high LV mass, high systolic blood pressure, and low values for an interaction term between LV mass index and midwall shortening independently predicted cardiovascular events (.04 < P < .001); increasing age, low midwall LV shortening as a percentage of predicted, and high value of the interaction term predicted the occurrence of cardiac death (.004 < P < .0002). Survival analysis controlling for age confirmed that low midwall shortening independently predicted cardiac morbidity or death, especially in the subgroup of patients with LV hypertrophy.

Conclusions: Depressed midwall shortening is a predictor of adverse outcome in arterial hypertension; the combination of higher LV mass and lower midwall shortening identifies individuals at markedly increased risk.