Characterization of the first enzyme in 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid metabolism

Abstract

This paper reviews the properties of the Alcaligenes eutrophus JMP134 tfdA gene product, the enzyme responsible for the first step in 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) biodegradation. The gene was overexpressed in Escherichia coli and several of its enzymatic properties were characterized. Although this enzyme catalyzes a hydroxylation reaction, it is not a monooxygenase. Rather, TfdA is an Fe(II) and alpha-ketoglutarate-dependent dioxygenase that metabolizes the latter cosubstrate to succinate and carbon dioxide. A variety of other phenoxyacetates and alpha-ketoacids can be used by the enzyme, but the greatest catalytic efficiencies were found using 2,4-D and alpha-ketoglutarate. The enzyme possesses multiple essential histidine residues, whereas catalytically essential cysteine and lysine groups do not appear to be present.