Mild hypothermia increases blood loss and transfusion requirements during total hip arthroplasty

Abstract

Background: In-vitro studies indicate that platelet function and the coagulation cascade are impaired by hypothermia. However, the extent to which perioperative hypothermia influences bleeding during surgery remains unknown. Accordingly, we tested the hypothesis that mild hypothermia increases blood loss and allogeneic transfusion requirements during hip arthroplasty.

Methods: Blood loss and transfusion requirements were evaluated in 60 patients undergoing primary, unilateral total hip arthroplasties who were randomly assigned to normothermia (final intraoperative core temperature 36.6 [0.4] degrees C) or mild hypothermia (35.0 [0.5] degrees C). Crystalloid, colloid, scavenged red cells, and allogeneic blood were administered by strict protocol.

Findings: Intra- and postoperative blood loss was significantly greater in the hypothermic patients: 2.2 (0.5) L vs 1.7 (0.3) L, p < 0.001). Eight units of allogeneic packed red cells were required in seven of the 30 hypothermic patients, whereas only one normothermic patient required a unit of allogeneic blood (p < 0.05 for administered volume). A typical decrease in core temperature in patients undergoing hip arthroplasty will thus augment blood loss by approximately 500 mL.

Interpretation: The maintenance of intraoperative normothermia reduces blood loss and allogeneic blood requirements in patients undergoing total hip arthroplasty.