Effect of superoxide dismutase mimics on radical adduct formation during the reaction between peroxynitrite and thiols--an ESR-spin trapping study

Abstract

We have reexamined the formation and reactions of radicals formed from peroxynitrite (ONOO-)-mediated oxidation of glutathione (GSH), L-cysteine (Cys), N-acetyl-D,L-penicillamine (NAP), and sodium bisulfite (NaHSO3). Sulfur-centered and superoxide union radicals were trapped using 5,5-dimethyl-1-pyrroline-N-oxide (DMPO) and the radical adducts were analyzed by electron spin resonance (ESR) spectroscopy. The following sulfur-centered radicals were detected: glutathionyl radical (GS') from GSH, L-cysteinyl radical ('Scys) from L-cysteine, N-acetyl-D,L-penicillamine thiyl radical ('SNAP) from NAP, and sulfite anion radical (SO3-.) from NaHSO3. Additionally the formation of the hydroxyl radical adduct of DMPO (DMPO/'OH) was observed. DMPO/'OH formation was totally inhibited by low-molecular-weight superoxide dismutase (SOD) mimics. This suggests that DMPO/'OH was formed from the decay of the superoxide radical adduct of DMPO. In the presence of SOD mimics, the DMPO-sulfur-centered adducts were more persistent, suggesting that O2-. is partially responsible for the instability of DMPO-thiyl adducts. Sulfur-centered radicals formed during oxidation of thiols and sulfite by peroxynitrite react with ammonium formate to form the carbon dioxide anion radical (CO2-.). We conclude that sulfur-centered radicals produced from the oxidation of thiols and sulfite by peroxynitrite arise from a hydroxyl-radical-independent mechanism. Biological implications of peroxynitrite-mediated oxidation of thiols as well as the use of SOD mimics in biological spin-trapping are discussed.