Comparison of the effects of enflurane/N2O on the 40-Hz auditory steady-state response versus the auditory middle-latency response

Abstract

The auditory middle-latency response (AMLR) is a sequence of negative-positive waves occurring 12-50 ms after the onset of an auditory stimulus presented at rates of 10/s or less. When the rate of stimulus presentation is increased to approximately 40/s, overlapping of the AM-LRs results in a sustained, nearly sinusoidal wave, called the "40-Hz auditory steady-state response" (40-Hz ASSR). The AMLR and 40-Hz ASSR have been used to study the effects of general anesthetics on the brain. The primary aim of this investigation was to determine whether the effects of a general anesthetic, namely enflurane, on the 40-Hz ASSR can be predicted from its effects on the AMLR. A secondary aim was to examine the relationship between the level of consciousness and the 40-Hz ASSR during emergence from anesthesia. Twelve ASA class I-II women undergoing reduction mammoplasty were tested. Anesthesia was induced with fentanyl (3 micrograms/kg) and thiopental (3-5 mg/kg) intravenously and was maintained with enflurane (0.5%, 0.8%, or 1.1% end-tidal; four patients per concentration; random assignment) in N2O (66% end-tidal), along with fentanyl (1 microgram/kg as needed). The 40-Hz ASSR and AMLR were recorded before induction and during anesthesia and surgery. The 40-Hz ASSR was also recorded during emergence. The amplitude of the 40-Hz ASSR was reduced profoundly during anesthesia and surgery (P < 0.001). The attenuation was not dose-dependent, and was much more pronounced than predicted by the effects of enflurane on the AMLR. The 40-Hz ASSR during anesthesia was surprisingly large (0.09 and 0.11 microV) in two patients, both of the 1.1% enflurane group. The regaining of the ability to follow verbal commands was associated with a significant (P < 0.001) increase in the amplitude of the 40-Hz ASSR. We conclude that, although auditory neurons remain capable of responding at a slow stimulus rate during enflurane-N2O anesthesia, their ability to be driven at a faster stimulus rate is markedly curtailed. The 40-Hz ASSR may be useful for detecting unintentional intraoperative awareness because the return of consciousness is associated with a clear increase in amplitude.