Computed tomography: an unreliable indicator of pancreatic trauma

Abstract

Computed tomography (CT) is currently the modality of choice in evaluating pancreatic injury in patients suffering abdominal trauma who do not require immediate exploration. The purpose of this study was to determine the reliability of initial CT scanning in the detection of pancreatic trauma. A retrospective review was performed of all patients admitted to two Level 1 trauma centers over a 10-year period. Those patients identified with pancreatic injury who underwent initial evaluation with CT scanning were reviewed for clinical course and comparison of CT results with findings at laparotomy. Seventy-two patients of 16,188 admissions (0.4%) were identified with pancreatic injury. Mechanism of injury was blunt in 27 (37%), gunshot wound in 32 (45%), and stab wound in 13 (18%). There were 18 (25%) grade I, 32 (45%) grade II, 16 (22%) grade III, and 5 (7%) grade IV pancreatic injuries. Seventeen of the 72 patients with pancreatic injury underwent initial abdominal CT. The pancreas was normal on CT in 9 and of these, 8 underwent exploration, most commonly secondary to splenic injury. Three were found to have grade I pancreatic injury, two grade II, and three grade III, which required distal pancreatectomy. The pancreas was abnormal on CT in eight patients, and of these three underwent exploration. One patient had an injury upgraded from II on CT to III at exploration and underwent distal pancreatectomy. The mean pancreatic injury by CT was 0.45 versus 2.0 on exploration (P < 0.001). Injury to the pancreas following blunt trauma is rare. Computed tomography will often miss or underestimate pancreatic injuries that require operative treatment, and normal findings on initial scan should not be relied upon to exclude significant pancreatic trauma.