Laser-evoked cerebral potentials and sensory function in patients with central pain

Abstract

Central pain syndromes (CPS) could be caused by disinhibition of spinothalamic excitability or by other central nervous system (CNS) changes caused by reduced spinothalamic function. To examine these possibilities, we studied 11 patients (ages 51-82 years) with unilateral central pain and with reproducible cerebral evoked vertex potentials in response to cutaneous stimulation of the normal side with pulses from an infra-red CO2 laser. All patients had normal tactile and kinesthetic sensation; one had slightly decreased vibratory sense bilaterally. All showed, from the unaffected (asymptomatic) side, laser evoked potentials (LEPs) with negative (N) components ranging from 208 to 280 msec peak latency (av: 240 +/- 6 SE msec) and peak amplitudes of 1-7 microV (av: 2.9 +/- 0.5 SE microV), followed, in all but 1 patient, by positive (P) potentials ranging from 288 to 370 msec peak latency (av: 319 +/- 7.7 SE msec) with peak amplitudes of 1-7 microV (2.8 +/- 0.5 SE microV). Laser stimulation of the affected (symptomatic) side in 5 patients evoked LEPs with N-P interpeak amplitudes that were within 20% of those evoked from the normal side. All but one of these patients had thresholds for warm, heat pain, and deep pain that were normal in comparison with the unaffected side. The excepted patient had the largest N-P interpeak amplitude asymmetry (18.5%) of this group. Ratings of laser pulse intensity were either symmetrical (n = 2) or increased on the affected side (n = 3) in these patients. In contrast, laser stimulation of the affected side failed to evoke either N or P potentials in 6 patients, all of whom had lateralized increased thresholds for warm, heat pain, or deep pain, or reduced ratings of laser pulse sensation. Although 1 patient had increased ratings of laser pulse sensation, the amplitude of the LEP was always reduced on the side of increased pain or heat threshold in these CPS patients (Fisher exact test: P = 0.015). These results reflect primarily a deficit in spinothalamic tract function and do not suggest excessive CNS responses to synchronous activation of cutaneous heat nociceptors in patients with CPS.