Hyponatremia and the syndrome of inappropriate secretion of antidiuretic hormone associated with the use of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors: a review of spontaneous reports

Abstract

Objective: To review reported cases of hyponatremia and the syndrome of inappropriate secretion of antidiuretic hormone (SIADH) associated with the use of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs).

Data sources: A search of MEDLINE for reports of hyponatremia and SIADH associated with the use of fluoxetine, fluvoxamine, paroxetine or sertraline published between January 1980 and May 1995. Unpublished reports of cases were requested from the pharmaceutical industry, the Ontario Medical Association, the Health Protection Branch of Health Canada, the US Food and Drug Administration and the World Health Organization.

Data selection and extraction: Spontaneous reports from postmarketing surveillance.

Data synthesis: A total of 736 cases of hyponatremia [corrected] and SIADH associated with SSRI use were reported. Fluoxetine was involved in 554 (75.3%) of the cases, paroxetine in 91 (12.4%), sertraline in 86 (11.7%) and fluvoxamine in 11 (1.5%). Reports of 30 cases were published. The remaining 706 cases were reported to monitoring bodies and the pharmaceutical industry. According to information in the published reports, the median time to onset of hyponatremia was 13 days (range 3 to 120 days). Most (83%) of the published cases involved patients 65 years of age or more, as compared with 74% of the unpublished cases.

Conclusion: Elderly people may be at increased risk for hyponatremia associated with SSRI use. Physicians caring for elderly patients should be aware of this potentially serious but reversible adverse effect. Further research is required to determine the incidence of this adverse effect, the relative risk of hyponatremia and SIADH in different age groups and the risk associated with different SSRI drugs.