Chronic sun exposure alters both the content and distribution of dermal glycosaminoglycans

Abstract

Chronic sun exposure leads to structural and functional alterations in exposed skin. Photoageing is a process distinct from the changes taking place due to chronological ageing. Unique alterations in the dermal extracellular matrix occur as a result of photoageing and are responsible for many of these physiological changes taking place in sun-damaged skin. Accompanying the deposition of abnormal elastic tissue, or solar elastosis, are significant alterations in dermal glycosaminoglycans (GAGs). Accumulation of GAGs as a result of photoageing, as demonstrated in both humans and animal models of photoageing, seems almost paradoxical in view of the large amounts of GAGs present in the skin of newborns, making their skin well hydrated and supple, in sharp contrast to the weathered appearance of photoaged skin. We investigate the relative GAG content of photoaged skin using immunoperoxidase stains specific for hyaluronic acid and chondroitin sulphate, and determine the location of these GAGs using confocal laser scanning microscopy. Our results demonstrate significant increases in GAG staining in sun-damaged vs. sun-protected skin from the same individuals, as measured by computer-based image analysis. Furthermore, confocal laser scanning microscopy reveals that the increased dermal GAGs in sun-damaged skin are deposited on the elastotic material of the superficial dermis of photodamaged skin, and not between collagen and elastic fibres as in normal skin. The abnormal location of GAGs on these fibres may explain the apparent paradoxical weathered appearance of photodamaged skin despite increased GAGs.