Evaluation of long-term toxicity after chemotherapy for testicular cancer

Abstract

Purpose: The current study evaluates the extent and reversibility of late sequelae after chemotherapy in longterm survivors of testicular cancer. The influence of therapy and patient characteristics and the relationship between different toxicities are assessed.

Patients and methods: Ninety patients with a median age of 28 years (range, 19 to 53) and a median followup time of 58 months (range, 15 to 159) participated in the clinical examinations, a personal interview, and technical investigations. Overall health and the impact of late toxicity were assessed by the patients. All patients were in complete remission (CR) for at least 1 year. Chemotherapy had consisted of cisplatin (P), bleomycin (B), and vinblastine (V) in 30 patients (33%); P, B, and etoposide (E) in 26 patients (29%); P, B, E, and a vinca alkaloid in 22 patients (24%); and other P-based combination regimens in 12 patients (13%).

Results: Alterations of gonadotropin levels (follicle-stimulating hormone [FSH] luteinizing hormone [LH]) in up to 68% of patients and Leydig cell insufficiency in one third of patients were the most frequently detected abnormalities. Approximately 20% of patients had low serum magnesium [Mg] or phosphate levels, or elevated creatinine levels. Cardiovascular risk factors were identified in one third of patients with elevated serum cholesterol levels with or without obesity; 15% had developed arterial hypertension after chemotherapy. The most frequent symptomatic toxicities were Raynaud's phenomenon (RP) in 30% of patients, ototoxicity in 21%, and peripheral neuropathy in 17%. Major risk factors for the development of toxicity were cumulative dose of P (P < .0001 for ototoxicity and neurotoxicity; P < .01 for overall toxicity, gonadal toxicity, and dehydroepiandrosteron elevation; P < .05 for hypertension and Mg depletion) and type of chemotherapy (57% of PVB-treated patients v25% of PEB +/- vincristine-treated patients with RP; P < .01).

Conclusion: The cumulative dose of P was a major predictor for toxicity. Patients and treatment characteristics such as noise exposure, age, history of smoking, and mode of B application were less important. Further clinical trials should evaluate the sequelae of chemotherapy treatment for testicular cancer prospectively.