Comparative review of the adverse effects of sedatives used in children undergoing outpatient procedures

Abstract

Children often fear medical procedures and interventions. Sedative agents enhance the care of these children who undergo outpatient procedures by decreasing anxiety, increasing cooperativity, and providing amnesia. Although higher dosages and intravenous administration of sedatives often produce improved sedation, adverse effects and complications are more frequent. The goals of therapeutic efficacy and safety must be balanced in all patients. The presence or anticipation of anxiety and pain helps in deciding whether to use a sedative alone, or a regimen also providing analgesia. The patient's clinical cardiorespiratory or neurological status, other relative contraindications, the duration of the intended procedure, and the presence or absence of an intravenous line will help in choosing specific drugs. Drug complications are a common cause of adverse events in patients. The combination of a sedative and analgesic, especially a benzodiazepine and an opioid given intravenously, is associated with a higher risk of serious complications. The practitioner responsible for the administration of a sedative to a child must be competent in its use and have the ability to detect and manage complications. Patients who are deeply sedated should be continuously monitored and observed by an individual dedicated to this task. Vital signs and oxygen saturation should be documented at frequent intervals and the patient should be appropriately monitored until discharge criteria have been met. The risk of serious complications with these agents may be reduced with vigorous monitoring and a judicious choice of dosage.