Activation of coagulation and fibrinolysis in heatstroke

Abstract

Hemorrhagic diathesis and widespread microthrombosis are common in heatstroke. To assess the early stages of coagulopathy in heatstroke, thrombin-antithrombin III (TAT), fibrin monomers, plasmin-alpha 2-antiplasmin (PAP), plasminogen and D-Dimer were measured in 16 heatstroke patients (means +/- SE rectal temperature 42.3 +/- 0.2 degrees C) pre- and postcooling and compared with 8 heatstressed and 23 normal controls. Comparing heatstroke patients with normal controls, TAT, fibrin monomers, PAP and D-Dimer were elevated to (median (range)) 16.5 (4-1000) versus 3.5 (2-7.2) micrograms/l p < 0.001, 16 (4-113) versus 2 (2-9) nM p < 0.001; 3300 (1000-36500) versus 255 (136-462) micrograms/l p < 0.001 and 0.72 (0.22-64.8) versus 0.15 (0.05-0.25) microgram/ml p < 0.01 respectively. Plasminogen decreased to 81% (34-106); PAP, TAT and D-Dimer correlated significantly with hyperthermia (r = 0.577, p = 0.02; r = 0.635, p = 0.01; r = 0.76, p = 0.003). Postcooling PAP decreased to 545 (260-850) micrograms/l p < 0.005, TAT 10 (6-70) micrograms/l, and fibrin monomers 22 (18-86) nM remained unchanged. Heatstressed controls showed mild but significant increase in all markers. Activation of coagulation and fibrinolysis occurs early and is profound and sustained in heatstroke. Cooling seems to attenuate the activation of fibrinolysis only, however, this requires confirmation in a larger study population.