The physiological basis of intracranial pressure change with progressive epidural brain compression. An experimental evaluation in cats

Abstract

Sequential cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) pressure-volume studies were carried out in seven cats during the expansion at a constant rate of an epidural balloon. The same studies were performed in three control cats. Beginning after 20 minutes of inflation and continuing to the point of pupillary dilatation there was a progressive increase in the pressure-volume index (volume required to change intracranial pressure (ICP) by tenfold). During the course of balloon inflation, there was also a progressive increase in CSF elastance (instantaneous ICP change per unit change in CSE volume). At the point of pupillary dilatation there was a marked, abrupt increase in the pressure-volume index and an equally dramatic decrease in CSF elastance. The CSF outflow resistance increased to a variable extent during balloon inflation. The plot of the CSF pressure versus balloon volume (the mass lesion pressure-volume curve) was of the classical configuration with an initial relatively flat segment and a final steep segment. A hypothesis is presented that interprets the shape of the mass lesion pressure-volume curve in terms of changes occurring in the elastic properties of the tissues surrounding the CSF space and the volume of the CSF space. It is proposed that this hypothesis will explain most of the commonly observed variations in CSF pressure. Confusion regarding the ICP-volume relationships has arisen because of lack of specificity regarding which anatomical spaces are being perturbed.