Cryosurgery as a treatment for prostate carcinoma: results and complications

Abstract

Background: There has been a resurgence of interest in cryosurgical ablation of the prostate for the treatment of carcinoma. This is due to recent advances in cryosurgical technology, which have resulted in relatively lower morbidity. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of ultrasound-guided cryosurgical ablation of prostate carcinoma.

Methods: Eighty-three patients who had biopsy-proven prostate carcinoma underwent cryosurgical ablation of their entire prostate gland. The initial group of 12 patients had their procedures performed under ultrasound guidance only. The other 71 patients had cryosurgery performed with temperature monitoring in combination with ultrasound guidance. Twelve patients who had positive biopsies underwent a second cryosurgical procedure. All patients had prostate specific antigen (PSA) levels measured at 3, 6, 12, 18, 24, and 30 months after cryosurgery. Ultrasound-guided sextant biopsies were performed at 3-6, 12-18, and 24 months.

Results: The median PSA dropped by 95%, from a preoperative value of 4.3 ng/mL to 0.2 ng/mL 30 months after cryosurgery. The authors experienced a high failure rate (positive biopsies) of 83% for the initial group of 12 patients who did not have temperature monitoring during the cryosurgical procedure. This was in contrast to a success rate of 90% (negative biopsies) for the next 71 patients, who did have temperature monitoring (P < 0.05, chi-square test). Twelve patients underwent a second cryosurgery, and the success rate for this group was 91% (11 of 12 patients). The combined success rate for both the first cryosurgery and the second was 94% (62 of 77 patients). Complications included urethral sloughing, urinary incontinence, impotence, bladder neck contracture, and bladder contracture. The majority of patients recovered rapidly from their cryosurgical procedures and were able to resume normal activities 3-4 weeks afterward.

Conclusions: These preliminary results demonstrate that cryosurgical ablation of the prostate is a viable treatment option for prostate carcinoma. In the authors' experience, ultrasound alone may not be adequate for monitoring the entire cryosurgical procedure. The authors found that temperature monitoring shortened their learning curve, enabled them to freeze prostate tissue more aggressively, and may have contributed to their overall success.