Molecular cloning and functional analysis of polyphosphoinositide-dependent phospholipase D, PLDbeta, from Arabidopsis

Abstract

A novel plant phospholipase D (PLD; EC 3.1.4.4) activity, which is dependent on phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PIP2) and nanomolar concentrations of calcium, has been identified in Arabidopsis. This report describes the cloning, expression, and characterization of an Arabidopsis cDNA that encodes this PLD. We have designated names of PLDbeta for this PIP2-dependent PLD and PLDalpha for the previously characterized PIP2-independent PLD that requires millimolar Ca2+ for optimal activity. The PLDbeta cDNA contains an open reading frame of 2904 nucleotides coding for a 968-amino acid protein of 108,575 daltons. Expression of this PLDbeta cDNA clone in Escherichia coli results in the accumulation of a functional PLD having PLDbeta, but not PLDalpha, activity. The activity of the expressed PLDbeta is dependent on PIP2 and submicromolar amounts of Ca2+, inhibited by neomycin, and stimulated by a soluble factor from plant extracts. Sequence analysis reveals that PLDbeta is evolutionarily divergent from PLDalpha and that its N terminus contains a regulatory Ca2+-dependent phospholipid-binding (C2) domain that is found in a number of signal transducing and membrane trafficking proteins.