Cardiovascular consequences of fibreoptic bronchoscopy

Abstract

Fibreoptic bronchoscopy (FOB) is now commonly performed, and the number of elderly patients undergoing the procedure is increasing. Problems with oxygenation during FOB are well-recognised, but there are few data about its cardiovascular effects. Forty five patients (median age 65 yrs) undergoing elective FOB were studied prospectively. Patients were connected to a 12-lead computerized electrocardiographic recorder, a finger plethysmographic blood pressure (FPBP) monitor and pulse oximeter. Forty three patients were sedated with fentanyl and droperidol, and all were given 5 mL 2.5% cocaine intratracheally and xylocaine spray to the pharynx. Mean sphygmomanometric cuff blood pressure was raised initially (167/88 mmHg). Mean blood pressure recorded by FPBP rose on intratracheal injection (178/96 mmHg) and remained high throughout the procedure. Mean (SD) initial cardiac frequency was 93 (5.1) beats x min(-1) and rose to 134 (7.5) beats x min(-1) during the procedure. Four of the 45 patients showed unexpected ST segment depression of >1 mm for >1 min, and a further three developed bundle branch block. These seven patients had significantly greater tachycardia (152 vs 131 beats x min(-1)) and higher blood pressure (238/131 vs 207/109 mmHg). They were older (72 vs 61 yrs), had smoked more (63 vs 39 pack-years), but had similar lung function and similar changes in oxygen saturation. Oxygen desaturation occurred in 19 patients and this was associated with poor lung function (69 vs 84% predicted forced expiratory volume in one second), but was independent of the cardiovascular changes. Significant cardiovascular changes occur during fibreoptic bronchoscopy, with evidence of cardiac strain in 21% of patients over the age of 60 yrs.