Common origin of human T-lymphotropic virus type-I from Iran, Kuwait, Israel, and La Réunion Island

Abstract

We found previously that Kuwaiti HTLV-I isolates had two nucleotide substitutions in the most frequently sequenced regions of HTLV-I genome, namely: T-->C 4783 in the pol and T-->C 6569 the env genes. These substitutions were observed rarely in other HTLV-I isolates and seemed to be good markers of the HTLV-I lineage, the "epicentre" of which was located in Mashhad, Iran. To test this hypothesis we sequenced the fragments of HTLV-I genome including sites 4783 and 6569 from seven isolates obtained from the Iranians either living in (five isolates) or originating from (two isolates) Mashhad. RFLP-based tests were also designed and used for typing of the substitutions. All seven isolates were positive for T-->C 4783 and six, from which env fragment was amplifiable, were also positive for T-->C 6569. It is highly probable that all the isolates from Mashhadi Jews belong to the same HTLV-I lineage, although they were not typed yet for the presence of T-->C 6569 substitution. Only 2 "non-Middle Eastern" HTLV-1, both from La Réunion Island were positive for both of the substitutions. Another possible member of Mashhadi lineage of HTLV-I is one isolate from southern India and two isolates from the American Indians, British Columbia, Canada. The determination of the T-->C 4783 and T-->C 6569 markers in HTLV-I isolates of different geographical/ethnic origin may be useful for the reconstruction of the routes of HTLV-I spread from the Middle East and/or Indian subcontinent to other regions of the world and, possibly, for gaining insights into the origin of HTLV-I in Asia.