[The value of diagnostic peritoneal lavage in emergency situations]

Abstract

Purpose: The literature on diagnostic peritoneal lavage in the assessment of blunt abdominal trauma reflects an ongoing controversy. Therefore we conducted a prospective evaluation of the diagnostic management of blunt abdominal trauma used at our clinic, in which this procedure plays a substantial role. During the years 1993 and 1994 a total of 75 patients could be included in the study. The study population consisted of all patients with a diagnosis of blunt abdominal trauma. In addition, all trauma patients who were unresponsive on admission to the emergency receiving unit underwent the same program of diagnostic work-up. This group included polytraumatized patients, patients with craniocerebral injuries and all those who had been intubated prior to admission. Patients with stable vital signs were evaluated first by sonography of the abdomen, whereas those showing signs of hypovolemic shock received a diagnostic peritoneal lavage as the first evaluation of abdominal trauma. In order to assess the relative value of the two diagnostic methods, all patients who had had ultrasound as their first examination subsequently also underwent peritoneal lavage.

Results: 37 patients (49%) had lavage evidence of intraperitoneal bleeding. Of these 22 (29% of the total) subsequently underwent emergency laparotomy with lesions requiring surgical treatment found in 21 (95%). Only in one patient (1.3% of the study population) laparotomy failed to reveal a lesion requiring surgical correction. The accuracy of peritoneal lavage findings as an indication for laparotomy was 99%, compared to 82% for ultrasonography used as a initial diagnostic procedure. Diagnostic peritoneal lavage is quick, safe and almost independent of the experience of the investigating physician. It can be performed during other diagnostic procedures and can be repeated at will. If beyond macroscopical evaluation the lavage fluid is assessed chemically, even duodenal and pancreatic lesions as well as injuries to other hollow viscera can be suspected. With a sensitivity of 100% and a specificity of 98%, diagnostic peritoneal lavage is an extremely reliable diagnostic tool. It should be used as the initial diagnostic procedure in all hypovolemic and/or unresponsive patients suspected of having suffered blunt abdominal trauma. In conscious patients with stable vital signs, ultrasonography can be used for initial diagnosis. It should, however, be complemented by subsequent peritoneal lavage whenever the clinical course gives rise to suspicion.