Seasonal variation in bronchial hyperreactivity (BHR) in allergic patients

Abstract

As summarized in Table 1, the literature consistently supports the hypothesis that allergic asthmatic patients have seasonal BHR changes that parallel allergen exposure. These seasonal changes appear to be preventable by treatment with corticosteroids (systemic, inhaled, or nasal), disodium cromoglycate, and immunotherapy. Studies have almost exclusively focused on pollens, though similar limited data exist for dust mites. Though the dust mite is a perennial allergen, mite levels are well known to fluctuate with seasonal temperature and humidity trends (44-46), and therefore, seasonal BHR variation in mite-sensitive asthmatic patients is not surprising. Allergenic mold species have not been studied in this regard. In allergic rhinitis patients, the data are less consistent (see Table 2). However, the studies that failed to identify a seasonal BHR difference were either small or had other design limitations. The seasonal changes identified by the larger analyses were similar to those identified for asthmatic patients. Thus, although confirmatory studies would be helpful, it seems likely that in the absence of clinical asthma, allergic rhinitis patients with baseline BHR have allergen-related seasonal changes in BHR. The BHR effects of seasonal changes in air pollution and viral URIs are not known, since they have not yet been directly studied. However, interesting recent reports have identified possible synergistic effects of air pollution exposure on BHR and allergic responses. Similarly, the availability of new viral identification techniques has resulted in the discovery that viral infection may be more prevalent during clinical asthma exacerbation than previously realized. Therefore, air pollution and viral infections may well influence BHR seasonally, and (along with allergens) may contribute to seasonal asthma morbidity and mortality peaks. The mechanism(s) underlying seasonal BHR changes is (are) not known. One plausible possibility with regard to allergen-driven BHR changes involves a type I hypersensitivity late-phase reaction. Characterized by recruitment of eosinophils, lymphocytes, and other cells that are central components of allergic inflammation and are not normally found in the lower airways, this reversible inflammatory process could in turn act, presumably via chemical mediators, on the airway smooth muscle. This may cause bronchoconstriction, but may also increase responsiveness to bronchoconstrictive stimuli independent of bronchoconstriction. This explanation for seasonal BHR changes is supported by findings of blood eosinophil (31,47) and BAL eosinophilic cationic protein (31) level changes that parallel BHR. Prevention of seasonal BHR changes using anti-inflammatory medications (32,33,35) also supports this hypothesis (30) however, and the complex potential interactions between infectious agents and air pollutants on seasonal BHR changes have yet to be studied directly. Therefore, although BHR indeed may predictably vary season to season in allergic individuals, additional investigation is needed to better characterize the reasons for this phenomenon. Further insight in this area may help address the reasons why there are often seasonal epidemics in asthma morbidity and mortality.