Esophageal candidiasis as a complication of inhaled corticosteroids

Abstract

Background: Oropharyngeal candidiasis is a well-described side effect of inhaled corticosteroids. Nevertheless, few cases of esophageal candidiasis have been reported.

Objective: To present a patient with esophageal candidiasis associated with inhaled corticosteroids.

Methods: Case report.

Results: Our patient is a 70-year-old white woman with a 20-year history of intrinsic asthma, well controlled on triamcinolone acetonide 400 micrograms, ipratropium bromide 36 micrograms, and pirbuterol acetate 400 micrograms, each inhaled four times daily. She reported no oral steroid use for > 4 years and that she always rinsed her mouth following triamcinolone acetonide inhalation. The patient had gastritis with peptic ulcer disease in the past and developed worsening dyspeptic pain and heartburn. Following discontinuation of cimetidine and initiation of ranitidine without improvement, esophagogastroduodenoscopy was performed. Several small white patches in the mid and distal esophagus could not be removed with pressure. A biopsy confirmed the diagnosis of candidal esophagitis. Following a 4-week course of fluconazole, the patient was clinically improved and follow-up esophagogastroduodenoscopy was normal. There was no evidence of underlying cellular immunosuppression, malignancy, or diabetes mellitus and no history of recent antibiotic usage. Delayed skin tests revealed 5 x 5 mm induration to dermatophytin. Delayed hypersensitivity to Candida and mumps tests was absent. There was strong in vitro lymphocyte transformation and a positive immediate skin test response to Candida. ELISA for human immunodeficiency virus was negative. T and B cell counts were normal with CD4 = 630/mm3, CD8 = 520/mm3, and absolute B cell = 120/mm3. It is possible that this patient's immediate hypersensitivity response to Candida suppressed her delayed response. Candidal esophagitis is a rare, yet important, complication of inhaled corticosteroid use.

Conclusion: Immunocompetent patients on inhaled corticosteroids with medically unresponsive symptoms of esophagitis should be investigated for esophageal candidiasis.