CTP:phosphoethanolamine cytidylyltransferase

Abstract

CTP:phosphoethanolamine cytidylyltransferase (ET) catalyzes the conversion of phosphoethanolamine into CDP-ethanolamine. Immunogold electron microscopy studies have demonstrated that, in hepatocytes, ET is localized predominantly in areas of the cytoplasm that are rich in rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER). Within these areas the enzyme shows a bimodal distribution between the cisternae of the RER and the cytosolic space. Studies on the substrate specificity of ET have shown that it can utilize both CTP and dCTP as substrates, but not other trinucleotides. In addition, the enzyme shows a very pronounced specificity for phosphoethanolamine. Under most conditions ET contributes significantly to the overall regulation of the CDP-ethanolamine pathway. Reversible binding of the enzyme to the endoplasmic reticulum could potentially play a key-role in metabolic channeling of phosphatidylethanolamine synthesis. ET has been purified from rat liver. Convincing evidence has been provided that ET and CTP:phosphocholine cytidylyltransferase (CT), the analogous enzyme in the CDP-choline pathway, are separate activities that reside on different proteins. The gene coding for yeast ET has been cloned. The deduced amino acid sequence contained a region in the N-terminal half with significant similarities to the conserved catalytic domain of both yeast and rat CT. The human cDNA for ET was also cloned recently. The predicted amino acid sequence of human ET shows a high degree of similarity (36% identity) to that of yeast ET, but the human protein is longer than the yeast protein, especially at the C-terminal region. Interestingly, both yeast and human ET have a large repetitive sequence in their N-terminal and C-terminal half.