[The regulation mechanism of the female menstrual cycle]

Abstract

The hormonal patterns during menstrual cycle, which consist of cyclic alterations in gonadotropins, estradiol, and progesterone, are controlled by hypothalamic-pituitary-ovarian feedback mechanism. GnRH produced in hypothalamus acts on the pituitary cells to secrete FSH and LH, which stimulate the follicular development. The developed follicles secrete estradiol, progesterone, inhibin, activin, and follistatin. Estradiol and progesterone, at different concentrations and/or ratios, either positively or negatively control the feedback of hypothalamic-pituitary axis in regulating the secretion of GnRH, FSH and LH. Inhibin and follistatin selectively suppress, whereas activin enhances the secretion of FSH in the pituitary. Recently, various additional factors produced by the ovary have been identified to contribute to the follicular development by paracrine and/or autocrine regulation as well as to feedback on hypothalamic-pituitary unit.