Steady-state pharmacokinetics and electrocardiographic pharmacodynamics of clarithromycin and loratadine after individual or concomitant administration

Abstract

To evaluate the potential for an interaction between clarithromycin and loratadine, healthy male volunteers (n = 24) received each of the following regimens according to a randomized crossover design: 500 mg of clarithromycin orally every 12 h (q12h) for 10 days, 10 mg of loratadine orally q24h for 10 days, and the combination of clarithromycin and loratadine. A washout interval of 14 days separated regimens. The addition of loratadine did not statistically significantly affect the steady-state pharmacokinetics of clarithromycin or its active metabolite, 14(R)-hydroxy-clarithromycin. However, the addition of clarithromycin statistically significantly altered the steady-state maximum observed plasma concentration and the area under the plasma concentration-time curve over a dosing interval for loratadine (+36 and +76%, respectively) and for descarboethoxyloratadine (DCL), the active metabolite of loratadine (+69 and +49%, respectively). Clarithromycin probably inhibits the oxidative metabolism of loratadine and DCL by the cytochrome P-450 3A subfamily. Electrocardiograms (n = 12) were obtained over 24-h periods at baseline and steady state (day 10). The mean maximum QTc interval and area under the QTc interval-time curve on day 10 were modestly increased (<3%) from baseline for all three regimens, but no QTc interval exceeded 439 ms for any subject. Elevated steady-state concentrations of loratadine and DCL do not appear to be associated with adverse cardiovascular effects related to prolongation of the QTc interval. Loratadine and clarithromycin were well tolerated, alone and in combination.

FIG. 1

Mean steady-state clarithromycin and 14(R)-hydroxy-clarithromycin plasma concentration-time profiles following administration of clarithromycin alone or in combination with loratadine. Open circles, clarithromycin alone; filled circles, clarithromycin with loratadine. Error bars each represent 1 standard deviation.

FIG. 2

Mean steady-state loratadine and DCL plasma concentration-time profiles following administration of loratadine alone or in combination with clarithromycin. Open circles, loratadine alone; filled circles, loratadine with clarithromycin. Error bars each represent 1 standard deviation.