Expression of bcl-2 and bax in TGF-beta 1-induced apoptosis of L1210 leukemic cells

Abstract

TGF-beta1 is a multifunctional regulatory peptide (25 kDa) inducing growth arrest and apoptosis in many normal and neoplastic cells. In the present study, the involvement of proapoptotic (bax) and antiapoptotic (bcl-2) genes in the molecular mechanism of TGF-beta1-induced apoptosis of L1210 leukemic cells was investigated. Bax transcript was measured using the RT-PCR method with GAPDH as a "housekeeping gene" control, whereas Bcl-2 protein was determined using flow cytometry (FITC-conjugated monoclonal anti-Bcl-2 antibody and FITC-conjugated mouse anti-IgG1 antibody as a negative control). Apoptosis was evaluated using fluorescence microscopy and flow cytometry after cell staining with DAPI and sulforhodamine or propidium iodide and Hoechst 33342. ROS generation was assessed by flow cytometry using the oxidation-sensitive fluorescent marker C-DCDHF-DA. The response of L1210 leukemic cells to TGF-beta1 was two-directional: 1) partial arrest of the cell cycle at G1-S transition, and 2) induction of apoptotic cell death. TGF-beta1 increased the number of leukemic cells with typical morphological features of apoptosis: cell shrinkage, condensation of chromatin, pyknosis and fragmentation of nuclei, followed by secondary necrosis. DNA cleavage led to a decrease of the nuclear DNA content and the appearance of a hypodiploid peak sub-G1 in the DNA histogram. The extraction of low-molecular weight DNA fragments from apoptotic cells showed that TGF-beta1-induced apoptosis concerned first of all the cells from G1 phase. Two phases of intracellular ROS generation in TGF-beta1-treated cultures were observed: the first (rapid, 60 min after TGF-beta1 administration), and the second (slow, occurring between 24 and 48h of experiment, respectively). The increase of apoptotic cell number in TGF-beta1-treated cultures (2% FCS/RPMI 1640) was associated with the decrease of cell number expressing bcl-2, and with a significant drop of Bcl-2 level in the remaining cells after 24 h. The dose-dependent relationship between TGF-beta1 concentration and Bcl-2 level was nonlinear and described by power series regression. The lowest Bcl-2 level was noted at 1 ng/ml of TGF-beta1 concentration. The increase of Bax mRNA:GAPDH mRNA ratio was observed 3h after TGF-beta1 (1 ng/ml) administration to both the maintenance (2% FCS/RPMI) and growth promoting (10% FCS/RPMI) medium. Regardless of TGF-beta1 treatment, the quantity of Bax transcript was dependent on FCS concentration, being higher in the growth promoting medium. The results of this study indicate that bax may function as a primary response gene and together with lowered Bcl-2 level may determine the induction of apoptotic process in L1210 leukemic cells exposed to TGF-beta1.