Genotypic and phenotypic implications in paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria (PNH): a preliminary investigation

Abstract

The genetic and biochemical defects underlying paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria (PNH) have recently been elucidated. The deficiency of the surface expression of glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI)-anchored proteins caused by a somatic mutation of the PIG-A gene, an X-chromosomal gene that participates in the first step of the GPI anchor synthesis, has been shown to be responsible for PNH in all patients. The mutations of PIG-A studied to date are highly heterogeneous. They are however mainly of the frameshift type (61.5%). The characteristic abnormalities of PNH phenotypes has also been shown especially by DAF- and/or CD59-based fluorescent immunocytometry. A great degree of heterogeneity in the patterns and levels of expression of GPI-anchored proteins in various cell types was demonstrated indicating a discrepancy of lineage involvement. In this investigation, major blood cell populations, i.e erythrocytes and granulocytes were analyzed immunophenotypically, the mutations of PIG-A were identified by heteroduplex analysis and nucleotide sequencing and the consequences of PIG-A mutations were observed. All the mutations identified in 9 patients with PNH resulted in complete loss of function as clones of affected granulocytes completely negative for CD59 expression were shown in all patients. Interestingly, granulocytes in these patients contained variable proportions of affected cells varied from 50% to 100% and four of the patients had erythrocytes with diminished expression of GPI-anchored DAF and CD59 coexisting with normal and completely negative cells. Immunophenotypic analysis of reticulocytes in peripheral blood of patients with PNH demonstrated the conserved patterns of DAF and CD59 expression in circulating erythroid cells and the discrepancies between granulocytic and erythroid lineages. These findings suggested that the characteristics of abnormal phenotypes which appear to be highly variable between different hematopoietic lineages are not solely caused by mutation of PIG-A but are influenced by other factor(s).