Differences in the lipoprotein distribution of free and liposome-associated all-trans-retinoic acid in human, dog, and rat plasma are due to variations in lipoprotein lipid and protein content

Abstract

The objective of the proposed study was to determine the distribution in plasma lipoprotein of free all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA) and liposomal ATRA (Atragen; composed of dimyristoyl phosphatidylcholine and soybean oil) following incubation in human, rat, and dog plasma. When ATRA and Atragen at concentrations of 1, 5, 10, and 25 micrograms/ml were incubated in human and rat plasma for 5, 60, and 180 min, the majority of the tretinoin was recovered in the lipoprotein-deficient plasma fraction. However, when ATRA and Afragen were incubated in dog plasma, the majority of the tretinoin (> 40%) was recovered in the high-density lipoprotein (HDL) fraction. No differences in the plasma distribution between ATRA and Atragen were found. These data suggest that a significant percentage of tretinoin associates with plasma lipoproteins (primarily the HDL fraction) upon incubation in human, dog, and rat plasma. Differences between the lipoprotein lipid and protein profiles in human plasma and in dog and rat plasma influenced the plasma distribution of ATRA and Atragen. Differences in lipoprotein distribution between ATRA and Atragen were not observed, suggesting that the drug's distribution in plasma in not influenced by its incorporation into these liposomes.

FIG. 1

Distribution of free ATRA and Atragen (25 μg/ml) in human plasma following incubation for 5 (A), 60 (B), and 180 (C) min at 37°C. Data are expressed as percentages of total tretinoin distributed into TRL, LDL, HDL, and LPDP fractions and are reported as means ± standard deviations (error bars) (n = 6). ∗, P < 0.05 compared to value for ATRA.

FIG. 2

Distribution of free ATRA (A) and Atragen (B) (25 μg/ml) in human, dog, and rat plasma following incubation for 60 min at 37°C. Data are expressed as percentages of total tretinoin distributed into TRL, LDL, HDL, and LPDP fractions and are reported as means ± standard deviations (error bars) (n = 6). ∗, P < 0.05 compared to value for human plasma; ∗∗, P < 0.05 compared to value for dog plasma.