Hypolipidemic mechanisms of pectin and psyllium in guinea pigs fed high fat-sucrose diets: alterations on hepatic cholesterol metabolism

Abstract

Studies were conducted to determine whether pectin (PE) or psyllium (PSY) could reverse the high plasma cholesterol and triacylglycerol (TAG) concentrations induced by high fat (HF) or high sucrose (HS) diets and which are the mechanisms involved. Male guinea pigs were fed either a low fat (LF) or a HF diet with 80% of the carbohydrate energy derived from sucrose. Cellulose was used as control. Plasma LDL cholesterol, TAG, apolipoprotein B, and hepatic cholesteryl ester were lower in guinea pigs fed PE and PSY compared to the control group (P < 0.03). In addition, a 45% higher number of hepatic apoB/E receptors was observed by PE and PSY intake. Hepatic ACAT, HMG-CoA reductase, and cholesterol 7alpha-hydroxylase (C7H) activities were higher in the HF compared to the LF groups (P < 0.01). PSY intake with HF resulted in up-regulation of C7H and HMG-CoA reductase activities (P < 0.05). Additional studies measuring the effects of PE and PSY on low density lipoprotein (LDL) transport and very low density lipoprotein (VLDL) secretion were conducted in the HF groups. ApoB secretion was reduced by pectin and psyllium (P < 0.01) intake while LDL fractional catabolic rates were 100% faster in guinea pigs fed PE or PSY. In these studies the extent of the hypolipidemic response was specific to each fiber type and associated with the amount of sucrose. In addition, PSY altered the activity of hepatic enzymes of cholesterol homeostasis in the HF group. These additional effects of PSY might explain the more dramatic changes in plasma lipid levels associated with PSY consumption.